A general term in blending metal working coolants, where “fat” can be derived from vegetables, animals and even fish as an ingredient along with soap and other chemicals in water to provide lubrication and cleaning of the products and equipment during various wet metalworking operations. Synthetics esters have replaced or augmented the usage of fat.

The phenomenon leading to fracture of a material that is under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Fatigue failure generally occurs at loads which applied statically would produce little perceptible effect. Fatigue fractures are progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action of the fluctuating stress. There is no obvious warning. A crack can form without appreciable surface deformation, making it difficult to detect. Fractures often start from small nicks or scratches or fillets that cause a localized concentration of stress. Failure can be influenced by a number of factors including size, shape and design of the component, condition of the surface or operating environment.

The ability of a material to deform plastically before fracturing, determined from a constant-strain amplitude, low-cycle fatigue test. Usually expressed in percent in direct analogy with elongation and reduction in area ductility measures.

Failure that occurs when an item completely fractures into two parts or has softened or been otherwise significantly reduced in stiffness by thermal heating or cracking due to fatigue.

1) The number of cycles of a specified character that a given item sustains before failure of a specified nature occurs. 2) The number of cycles of deformation required to bring about failure of a test specimen under a given set of oscillating conditions (stresses or strains).

The maximum stress that presumably leads to fatigue fracture in a specified number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated.

Parallel lines frequently observed in electron microscope fractographs or fatigue fracture surfaces. The lines are transverse to the direction of local crack propagation; the distance between successive lines represents the advance of the crack front during the one cycle of stress variation.

Wear of a solid surface caused by fracture arising from material fatigue.

1) An ingredient used in an oil-based lubricant/coolant, particularly on aluminum wiredrawing and rolling applications. Fatty oils enhance the extreme pressure characteristic of the oil (usually mineral oil) and increase lubricity. 2) An ingredient “solublized” or emulsified in a water-based coolant to provide characteristics needed to perform drawing or rolling functions.

An electrical short circuit or leakage path to ground.

The current that flows as a result of a short-circuit condition.

A fault having a high impedance causing arcing.

A fault of very low impedance.

A breakdown or damage in an electrical circuit that results in part of the circuit contacting ground (neutral) where it should be isolated “above” ground.

Designation for flexible control cable. Also, face-centered-cubic crystal structure.

A funnel-shaped container mounted directly over the barrel at the feed throat of an extruder. It suppliers material to the extruder and holds a reserve of material.

The first stage of a screw of a cable extruder that picks up the material at the feed opening (throat) to the second, metering, section.

A hole through the barrel for the introduction of the feed material.

Fabricated from dielectric materials, feed-through insulators are used to carry a metal conductor through the chassis while preventing the “hot” lead from shorting to the ground chassis.

1) Energy that is extracted from a high-level point in a circuit and applied to a lower level. 2) The response from a controlled device that a control signal was received and the appropriate function is complete. 3) The returning of a fraction of the output to the input.